Kidney Cancer

Kidney cancer originates in the kidneys, which filter blood and remove waste. The most common type of kidney cancer in adults is renal cell carcinoma, which begins in the lining of the filtering tubes of the kidney.

Statistics

• In 2022, an estimated 79,000 new cases of kidney and renal pelvis cancers were expected to be diagnosed in the U.S.
• An estimated 13,920 Americans were expected to die from the disease in 2022.
• In Texas in 2022, an estimated 6,569 new kidney and renal pelvis cancers were expected to be diagnosed, and 1,345 Texans were expected to die from the disease.
• The average age of people when diagnosed with kidney cancer is 64. Kidney cancer is rare under age 45.
• Of the many types of kidney cancer, about 90% of cases diagnosed are renal cell carcinoma.
• Kidney cancer is among the 10 most common cancers. While the incidence rate has risen since the 1990s, due in part to better imaging tests that detected early stage cancers that would previously have been unidentified until a later stage, the death rate has declined slightly.

Risk Factors

The exact causes of kidney cancer are unknown; however, some risk factors are linked to the disease.

• Smoking: Tobacco use has a strong link to kidney cancer, and smoking doubles the risk for developing the disease. The risk decreases over time after quitting smoking.
• Obesity: Kidney cancer risk increases for people who are overweight.
• Race: African Americans have a slightly increased risk of kidney cancer.
• Certain medicines: Use of common pain relievers such as acetaminophen and diuretics have been linked to renal cell carcinoma. Use of phenacetin, a once-popular non-prescription pain reliever banned since 1983, has been linked to renal cell carcinoma.
• High blood pressure: People with high blood pressure are at a higher risk of developing the disease. It is not known whether the condition or the medicine, including diuretics, used to treat it is to blame for the increase in risk.
• Gender: Men are about twice as likely to develop the disease as women.
• Family history: Those with a strong family history of renal cell carcinoma are at a higher risk to develop kidney cancer. Brothers and sisters of those diagnosed are at the highest risk.
• Kidney disease: Those with advanced kidney disease and those on dialysis have an increased risk.
• Hereditary disease: People with rare inherited conditions including Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, hereditary leiomyoma-renal cell carcinoma, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma, familial renal cancer, tuberous sclerosis complex, Cowden syndrome, and von Hippel-Lindau disease have an increased risk.
• Exposure to chemicals: Some research links exposure to cadmium and organic solvents such as trichloroethylene to an increased risk of developing kidney cancer.

Symptoms

Kidney cancer varies with each patient; some have no symptoms in the early stages. People with any of the following symptoms should consult their physician:

• Blood in the urine
• Low blood counts (anemia)
• Unexplained weight loss
• Unexplained low back or side (flank) pain
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue
• Unexplained fever
• Enlarged veins around a testicle
• Abdominal, side, or lower back mass
• Bowel blockage
• Swollen abdomen, kidney area, ankles, or legs

Tips for Prevention

Kidney cancer cannot be completely prevented. However, certain lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, controlling high blood pressure, and reducing or avoiding exposure to certain environmental toxins, are believed to decrease the risk of developing the disease.

Treatment Options

Kidney cancer, depending on the stage, may be treated by a team of specialists including medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and urologists. Treatment options vary widely depending on the type and stage of the cancer and the patient’s overall health. Treatment options include ablation and other local therapies, removing part or all of the kidney, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, surveillance, palliative medicine and other therapies. Many patients receive a combination of treatments.