Myelofibrosis (MF) is a chronic blood malignancy caused by abnormal blood cells built up in the bone marrow. Increased production of abnormal blood stem cells creates overproduction of megakaryocytes, which make platelets and fibroblast growth factor. Ultimately this causes the formation of fibrous tissue in the bone marrow. The fibrous tissue decreases the bone marrow’s ability to make normal blood cells. Often, blood cell production then moves to other areas of the body such as the spleen and liver. Most patients exhibit symptoms of chronic inflammation due to “cytokines” released from the abnormal cells. MF is one of a group of rare bone marrow cancers called myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) that develop due to a stem cell mutation in the bone marrow.
Some patients with MF do not have symptoms when they are diagnosed, especially when the disease is in its early stages. Diagnosis in an early phase often occurs during a routine exam or blood test. Many MF patients will have the following symptoms.
MF cannot be prevented. Research is underway to learn more about how the disease develops.
MF patients who do not experience symptoms typically do not receive treatment and may remain in stable health for years. However, if symptoms are present, treatment options include blood transfusions, hydroxyurea, ruxolitinib, and other similar medications such as interferon alfa, and less often, radiation, splenectomy, and stem cell transplants. Other treatment options may be available through clinical trials.
Sources: Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, MPN Research Foundation, National Cancer Institute, National Library of Medicine, and National Organization for Rare Disorders
