Anal Cancer
Learn about anal cancer risks, symptoms, prevention tips, and treatment options to help you recognize, reduce, and manage this rare but treatable disease.
Anal Cancer Fact SheetAnal cancer occurs when the cells within the tissues of the anus (the opening at the lower end of the intestines that connects to the outside of the body) become cancerous. Anal cancer is rare but treatable. Over the last three decades, the number of new cases has risen. While the cause of anal cancer is not entirely known, the disease has been linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which is also associated with cervical cancer. Many cases of anal cancer can be found in the early stages when the cancer is most treatable, creating a high chance of survival. The risk of HPV infection can be reduced with appropriate vaccinations.
Symptoms of anal cancer are not always apparent. Some cases, however, are discovered early during digital rectal exams (DRE) because of the cancer’s formation on an easily accessible part of the body. Physicians can also perform an anal Pap test for high-risk patients or those showing symptoms. Signs of anal cancer may include:
Although some people with anal cancer have no risk factors, there are steps that men and women can take to help reduce their risk for the disease. The most effective prevention method is to avoid HPV infection through an HPVvaccine. Using condoms can reduce risk but cannot eliminate it completely due to the possibility of transmission via skin contact. Treating HIV can help control the infection and lower the risk for developing anal cancer. Since smokers face an increased risk, avoiding tobacco greatly reduces risk.
Anal cancer is a very treatable cancer, especially if identified in the early stages. Treatment options vary, depending on how advanced the cancer is and if it has spread to other parts of the body. Physicians will determine the most appropriate treatment for each patient, but potential treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and palliative medicine. A combination of two or more of these treatments may be used to provide the best chance of disease control.
Sources: American Cancer Society, American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Cancer Institute
